There is also some evidence to suggest that exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be harmful or toxic to the environment, including aquatic life and other organisms. The production and disposal of the mineral may also release pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, into the air and water.
Resistance to heat, light and weathering prevents degradation of paint and in films and embrittlement of plastics.


In cosmetics, titanium dioxide’s properties enhance coloration and can help protect skin from damaging UVA and UVB rays.
Why is titanium dioxide used in food, including in Skittles?

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Plus, titanium dioxide is chemically inert, meaning it won't react with other substances in the paint. This stability ensures that the paint retains its original color and properties over time, preventing discolouration and degradation. Using titanium dioxide as an ingredient, the paint can withstand harsh weather conditions and prevent flaking, peeling or chalking. This exceptional durability makes it ideal for interior and exterior walls, ensuring a long-lasting and beautiful finish.
When used as a base or colorant in a product, titanium dioxide becomes handy in formulas meant to offer a lot of brightness and opacity. Titanium dioxide is so pigmented, in fact, that it’s used not only in white and pastel-colored products but also in darker shades, as well.
Mexican researchers sought to evaluate the effects of E171 across a span of conditions in mice, including its influence on behavior, along with the effects on the colon and liver. The research, published in 2020 in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, showed that E171 promoted anxiety and induced adenomas, or noncancerous tumors, in the colon. They also found that E171 heightened goblet cells hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which is typically seen in asthma patients and triggered by smoking or external pollutants and toxins. They also noted mucins overexpression in the mice, which can be linked to cancer cell formation.
According to Procurement Resource, the price trends of Titanium Dioxide are estimated to follow a fluctuating trajectory in the upcoming quarters depending on the performance of the automotive industries.
Assessment of skin penetration and biohazard in vivo
On the other hand, Westerhoff said, there are hundreds of studies showing no adverse effects from the substance.
CSPI says it might reconsider its rating if specifications for food-grade titanium dioxide in the U.S. are updated to ensure nanoparticles are minimized, and new studies are conducted to assess its capacity to cause cancer or other health problems.


In general, nanoparticles have been shown to accumulate in the body, particularly in organs in the gastrointestinal tract, along with the liver, spleen, and capillaries of the lungs.