The pulley is kept from turning on the crankshaft by a key fitting into grooves on the crankshaft and pulley.

When replacing spark plugs, it is important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for the correct type and gap setting. Using the wrong spark plugs can lead to engine misfires and poor performance. Additionally, it is essential to properly torque the spark plugs to prevent damage to the cylinder head.

Before installing the oil seal, it is essential that the oil seal, shaft and bore are not damaged. So, ensure that the surfaces the oil seal comes in contact with do not have any sharp points or burrs. The sealing lip is fragile, so any minor damage to it can cause leakage. Also, make sure the oil seal is clean. Even a small amount of dirt can cause a leak. Therefore, never use a pre-used oil seal for the assembly.

On most cars you need not remove the engine to get at the sump . But often you have to raise it slightly and wedge it on its mountings so that the sump moves clear of the front- suspension cross member.

No single physical property of rubbers is responsible for the successful performance of an oil seal or ‘O’ ring. The ultimate tensile strength, breaking elongation, modulus, shore hardness, creep and stress relaxation in tension and compression loads are all important physical properties that characterize a seal or ‘O’ ring. Compression strength and set together with stress relaxation or decay are important for effective sealing. The difference in these properties in a swollen seal is highly critical. An optimum swelling value in a fluid medium is a desirable feature. De-swelling decreases the seal pressure against the wall of the housing where the seal is fixed, leading to leakage. Over swelling minimizes the physical properties of the rubber. Seals made of polysulfide rubbers have extreme fuel resistance but undesirably high compression set. The effect of temperature on the seal is an important factor. Swelling under stress can increase at higher temperatures and a suitable compounding technique should be adopted to reduce this effect.

Overall, the cost of new spark plugs can vary depending on a variety of factors. By understanding the factors that contribute to the cost of spark plugs, you can make an informed decision that best fits your budget and needs. Whether you opt for cheaper spark plugs or invest in premium options, it is important to prioritize quality and longevity to ensure optimal performance for your vehicle.

• ACM rubber